A Survey of Reparations Initiatives Around the World

This memo summarizes state, local, nationwide and foreign reparations programs, including for historical and ongoing human rights violations committed against Indigenous People, African Americans, formerly enslaved individuals, Japanese Americans, victims of forced sterilization, and Holocaust survivors, among others. This memo also provides information about reparations programs administered through nongovernmental organizations and public and private universities. Finally, this memo assesses the success of these programs, identifies what progress has been made, and important areas for improvement.